9/18/2023 0 Comments Lithium nmc cathode cei![]() ![]() Negative electrode chemistry: from pure silicon to silicon-based and silicon-derivative Pure Si This is evidenced by the increasing number of research works published in the last 5 years (Fig. Thus, rechargeable batteries built by pairing high-capacity, low-potential Si and/or Si-B/Si-D anodes with IC materials have been highly investigated to enable next-generation LIBs. Insertion cathodes (ICs), especially Ni-rich NMC, Ni, Co and Al (dubbed NCA), Li-rich NMC and high-voltage materials, are among the most appealing materials, considering their straightforward chemistries 15. On the other hand, to achieve LIBs with high-energy, high-capacity/high-voltage positive electrodes are a prerequisite. silicon oxide (SiO x), silicon oxide-graphite (SiO x/Gr), silicon nitride (SiN x), etc.) have been developed as one of the most propitious anode materials due to their various benefits in comparison to other commercial anode materials (Supporting Table 1) 14. ![]() silicon-graphite (Si/Gr)), and silicon derivatives (Si-D, e.g. ![]() 1, silicon (Si), silicon-based (Si-B, e.g. To bypass the challenges associated with Li 0 anodes, various research and development (R&D) ventures have led to several (high capacity) alternative strategies to replace dendritic Li 0 deposits while maintaining similar operating voltages and safer electrode materials 5, 6, 7. This is due to the thermodynamic and kinetic instability of the Li 0/electrolyte interphase induced by dendrite/mossy formation during the plating/stripping processes. Rechargeable lithium metal (Li 0)-based batteries (LMBs) have emerged as promising technologies, yet their large-scale deployment has never been feasible except for Li-metal polymer batteries commercialised on a relatively small scale by Bollore ( ). Since the energy density of batteries is determined by Coulombic capacity and cell voltage, the combination of a wide redox-potential gap and high-capacity electrode materials is of fundamental importance. Transitioning beyond the horizon of prevailing LIBs to avoid ‘driving range anxiety’ and thereby contending with traditional combustion engine vehicles in terms of driving range per charge demands the exploration of novel chemistries and materials. high current density, ≥2 C, the symbol ‘C’ represents the current rate used for cycling rechargeable batteries, xC refers to the current required to fully charge/discharge the battery in 1/ x h), and cost (<125 US$ kWh −1, expected in 2022) at the cell level, are urgently required 12, 13. This implies that to stimulate EV market penetration, improvements, mainly including specific energy and energy density (>400 Wh kg −1 and > 800 Wh L −1) to enable long-range driving (>500 km), rate capability (i.e. However, despite the striking growth in sales of LIBs worldwide, the practical specific energy of contemporary commercial LIBs (~250 Wh kg −1 based on a Gr||lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cell) is not adequate to achieve the stringent requirements of next-generation batteries 6. Within this share, the automotive end-use industry is predicted to lead the overall mass market due to an increasing interest in EVs ( ) 11. They are responsible for 63% of worldwide battery sales with an estimated global market value of US$ 213.5 billion by 2020 10. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) utilising graphite (Gr) as the anode and lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2, LCO) as the cathode have subjugated the battery market since their commercialisation by Sony in the 1990s 8, 9. Incentivised by the ever-increasing markets for electro-mobility and the efficient deployment of renewable energy sources, there is a large demand for high-energy electrochemical energy storage devices 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. ![]()
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